So jetzt zu den für uns wichtigen Passagen (aus den obigen Quellen zitiert):
THE POST EXERCISE
We are informed by the writings of the ancients that, among their other exercises, they had that of the post. They gave their recruits round bucklers woven with willows, twice as heavy as those used on real service, and wooden swords double the weight of the common ones. They exercised them with these at the post both morning and afternoon.
This is an invention of the greatest use, not only to soldiers, but also to gladiators. No man of either profession ever distinguished himself in the circus or field of battle, who was not perfect in this kind of exercise. Every soldier, therefore, fixed a post firmly in the ground, about the height of six feet. Against this, as against a real enemy, the recruit was exercised with the above mentioned arms, as it were with the common shield and sword, sometimes aiming At the head or face, sometimes at the sides, at others endeavoring to strike at the thighs or legs. He was instructed in what manner to advance and retire, and in short how to take every advantage of his adversary; but was thus above all particularly cautioned not to lay himself open to his antagonist while aiming his stroke at him.
Lat:
XI. Antiqui, sicut inuenitur in libris, hoc genere exercuere tirones. Scuta de uimine in modum cratium conrotundata texebant, ita ut duplum pondus cratis haberet, quam scutum publicum habere consueuit. Idemque clauas ligneas dupli aeque ponderis pro gladiis tironibus dabant. Eoque modo non tantum mane sed etiam post meridiem exercebantur ad palos. Palorum enim usus non solum militibus sed etiam gladiatoribus plurimum prodest. Nec umquam aut harena aut campus inuictum armis uirum probauit, nisi qui diligenter exercitatus docebatur ad palum. A singulis autem tironibus singuli pali defigebantur in terram, ita ut nutare non possent et sex pedibus eminerent. Contra illum palum tamquam contra aduersarium tiro cum crate illa et claua uelut cum gladio se exercebat et scuto, ut nunc quasi caput aut faciem peteret, nunc a lateribus minaretur, interdum contenderet poplites et crura succidere, recederet adsultaret insiliret, quasi praesentem aduersarium, sic palum omni impetu, omni bellandi arte temptaret. In qua meditatione seruabatur illa cautela, ut ita tiro ad inferendum uulnus insurgeret, ne qua parte ipse pateret ad plagam.
Interpretation und bebilderte Ausführung von Wallhausen:
http://digital.slub-dresden.de/sammlung ... 516114/76/ (und folgende)
NOT TO CUT, BUT TO THRUST WITH THE SWORD
They were likewise taught not to cut but to thrust with their swords. For the Romans not only made a jest of those who fought with the edge of that weapon, but always found them an easy conquest. A stroke with the edges, though made with ever so much force, seldom kills, as the vital parts of the body are defended both by the bones and armor. On the contrary, a stab, though it penetrates but two inches, is generally fatal. Besides in the attitude of striking, it is impossible to avoid exposing the right arm and side; but on the other hand, the body is covered while a thrust is given, and the adversary receives the point before he sees the sword. This was the method of fighting principally used by the Romans, and their reason for exercising recruits with arms of such a weight at first was, that when they came to carry the common ones so much lighter, the greater difference might enable them to act with greater security and alacrity in time of action.
XII. Praeterea non caesim sed punctim ferire discebant. Nam caesim pugnantes non solum facile uicere sed etiam derisere Romani. Caesa enim, quouis impetu ueniat, non frequenter interficit, cum et armis uitalia defendantur et ossibus; at contra puncta duas uncias adacta mortalis est; necesse est enim, ut uitalia penetret quicquid inmergitur. Deinde, dum caesa infertur, brachium dextrum latusque nudatur; puncta autem tecto corpore infertur et aduersarium sauciat, antequam uideat. Ideoque ad dimicandum hoc praecipue genere usos constat esse Romanos; dupli autem ponderis illa cratis et claua ideo dabantur, ut, cum uera et leuiora tiro arma sumpsisset, uelut grauiore pondere liberatus securior alacriorque pugnaret.
Interpretation und bebilderte Ausführung von Wallhausen:
http://digital.slub-dresden.de/sammlung ... 516114/81/ (und folgende)
THE DRILL CALLED ARMATURA
The new levies also should be taught by the masters at arms the system of drill called armatura, as it is still partly kept up among us. Experience even at this time convinces us that soldiers, perfect therein, are of the most service in engagements. And they afford certain proofs of the importance and effects of discipline in the difference we see between those properly trained in this branch of drill and the other troops. The old Romans were so conscious of its usefulness that they rewarded the masters at arms with a double allowance of provision. The soldiers who were backward in this drill were punished by having their allowance in barley. Nor did they receive it as usual, in wheat, until they had, in the presence of the prefect, tribunes, or other principal officers of the legion, showed sufficient proofs of their knowledge of every part of their study.
No state can either be happy or secure that is remiss and negligent in the discipline of its troops. For it is not profusion of riches or excess of luxury that can influence our enemies to court or respect us. This can only be effected by the terror of our arms. It is an observation of Cato that. misconduct in the common affairs of life may be retrieved, but that it is quite otherwise in war, where errors are fatal and without remedy, and are followed by immediate punishment. For the consequences of engaging an enemy, without skill or courage, is that part of the army is left on the field of battle, and those who remain receive such an impression from their defeat that they dare not afterwards look the enemy in the face.
XIII. Praeterea illo exercitii genere, quod armaturam uocant et a campidoctoribus traditur, inbuendus est tiro; qui usus uel ex parte seruatur. Constat enim etiam nunc in omnibus proeliis armaturas melius pugnare quam ceteros. Ex quo intelligi debet, quantum exercitatus miles inexercitato sit melior, cum armaturae utcumque eruditi reliquos contubernales suos bellandi arte praecedant. Ita autem seuere apud maiores exercitii disciplina seruata est, ut et doctores armorum duplis remunerarentur annonis et milites, qui parum in illa prolusione profecerant, pro frumento hordeum cogerentur accipere, nec ante eis in tritico redderetur annona, quam sub praesentia praefecti legionis, tribunorum uel principiorum experimentis datis ostendissent se omnia, quae erant in militari arte, conplere. Nihil enim neque firmius neque felicius neque laudabilius est republica, in qua abundant milites eruditi. Non enim uestium nitor uel auri argenti gemmarumque copiae hostes aut ad reuerentiam nostram aut ad gratiam inclinant, sed solo terrore subiguntur armorum. Deinde in aliis rebus, sicut ait Cato, si quid erratum est, potest postmodum corrigi; proeliorum delicta emendationem non recipiunt, cum poena statim sequatur errorem; nam aut confestim pereunt qui ignaue imperiteque pugnauerint aut in fugam uersi uictoribus ultra pares esse non audent.
Wallhausen interpretiert die Armatura als Zweikampftraining, das das Pfahltraining ergänzt und widmet diesm daher kein eigenes Kapitel.
Bei der Auswahl der Rekruten ist Vegetius für eine frühe Anwerbung schon in der Pubertät und gibt für die Infanterie die Ausbildungsinhalte und Dauer als Grund an:
It is no easy matter to train the horse or foot archer, or to form the legionary soldier to every part of the drill, to teach him not to quit his post, to keep ranks, to take a proper aim and throw his missile weapons with force, to dig trenches, to plant palisades, how to manage his shield, glance off the blows of the enemy, and how to parry a stroke with dexterity.
Neque enim parua aut leuis ars uideatur armorum, siue equitem siue peditem sagittarium uelis inbuere siue scutatum, armaturae numeros omnes omnesque gestus docere, ne locum deserat, ne ordines turbet, ut missile et destinato ictu et magnis uiribus iaciat, ut fossam ducere, sudes scienter figere nouerit, tractare scutum et obliquis ictibus uenientia tela deflectere, plagam prudenter uitare, audacter inferre.
Bei der späteren Beschreibung der antiken Bewaffnung geht Vegetius auch etwas detailierter auf den Stand im Kampf ein:
It must be observed that when the soldiers engage with the javelin, the left foot should be advanced, for, by this attitude the force required to throw it is considerably increased. On the contrary, when they are close enough to use their piles and swords, the right foot should be advanced, so that the body may present less aim to the enemy, and the right arm be nearer and in a more advantageous position for striking. Hence it appears that it is as necessary to provide soldiers with defensive arms of every kind as to instruct them in the use of offensive ones. For it is certain a man will fight with greater courage and confidence when he finds himself properly armed for defense.
Sed cum ad pila, ut apellant, uenitur et manu ad manum gladiis pugnatur, tunc dextros pedes in ante milites habere debent, ut et latera eorum subducantur ab hostibus, ne possint uulnus accipere et proximior dextra sit, quae plagam possit inferre. Instruendos igitur ac protegendos omni antiquo armorum genere constat esse tirones. Necesse est enim, ut dimicandi acriorem sumat audaciam qui munito capite uel pectore non timet
uulnus.